Hypoxia
ADU-11
Diagnosis
Unexplained oxygen desaturation
Call for help
- Ask: "Who will be the crisis manager?"
- Crisis manager designates checklist reader
Turn FiO2 to 100% at high gas flows
- Confirm inspired FiO2 = 100% on gas analyzer
- Confirm presence of end-tidal CO2
Hand-ventilate to assess compliance
Listen to breath sounds
Check...
- Blood pressure, pulse, airway pressures
- Capnogram waveform
- Endotracheal tube/supraglottic device position
- Pulse oximeter placement and limb perfusion
- Circuit integrity: disconnection, kinks, holes
Consider initial stabilization actions
- Suction secretions
- Remove circuit and use self-inflating bag
- Alveolar recruitment maneuver and PEEP titration
- Bronchodilator therapy
- Deepen anesthetic and paralysis
- Optimize positioning and insufflation pressure
Consider causes - see DIFFERENTIAL Diagnosis
If hypoxia persists, consider ECMO
Drugs
| Albuterol | 3 MDI puffs per ETT |
|---|---|
| Albuterol | 2.5 mg via nebulizer |
| EPINEPHrine | 10 - 20 MICROgrams IV, repeat PRN |
Additional DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
- Fiberoptic bronchoscopy
- Chest x-ray
- Electrocardiogram
- Transesophageal echocardiogram
- Arterial or venous blood gas
- Lung ultrasound
DIFFERENTIAL diagnosis
- Airway / Breathing
- Right mainstem intubation
- Aspiration
- Atelectasis
- Bronchospasm
- Anaphylaxis (ADU-02)
- Hypoventilation
- Laryngospasm
- Obesity / positioning
- Pneumothorax
- Pulmonary edema
- Auto-PEEP
DIFFERENTIAL diagnosis
- Circulation
- Embolism (ADU-01)
- Heart disease
- Tamponade
- Septic shock
- Severe hypotension (ADU-10)
- Artifacts
- Dyes (e.g. methylene blue)
- Hemoglobinopathies (e.g. methemoglobinemia)